Time expressions in Polish classes cause a lot of pain. Actually my student recently asked me for this post and I finally decided to publish it. I hope it will be useful for you!
Let’s start with some basic words you need to know:
- chwila / moment – moment
- sekunda – a second
- minuta – a minute
- godzina – an hour
- dzieÅ„ – a day
- tydzieÅ„ – a week
- miesiÄ…c – a month
- rok – a year
- dekada – 10 years
- wiek – century
You can use them without any change if they are the subject of the sentence for example.
Rok to za maÅ‚o, żeby nauczyć siÄ™ polskiego – A year is too short to learn Polish.
DzieÅ„ byÅ‚ sÅ‚oneczny i ciepÅ‚y. – The day was sunny and warm.
Some of the words will just change and won’t need prepositions to express the time relation. For example:
- dzisiaj – today
- wczoraj – yesterday
- przedwczoraj – the day before yesterday
- jutro – tomoroow
- pojutrze – the day after tomorrow
Now I’m going to present you different ways to express time and segments of time. Look carefully because they will change their forms:
- W tym momencie / tygodniu / miesiÄ…cu / roku – this moment/ week / month / year
- Â W tej chwili / sekundzie / minucie – this moment / second / minute
- O tej godzinie – at this hour
- Obecnie – currently
- Natychmiast – immediatelly
- W dzisiejszych czasach – nowadays
- W ciÄ…gu tygodnia / miesiÄ…ca / roku – during a week / month / year
- Podczas spotkania / kolacji / wakacji – during the meeting / dinner/ holidays
When we talk about past we need to use different prepositions
- w zeszÅ‚ym / tamtym/ ubiegÅ‚ym * tygodniu / miesiÄ…cu / roku – last week/ month/ year
- tydzieÅ„ / miesiÄ…c / rok temu – a week / month / year ago
- dwa / trzy / cztery tygodnie / miesiÄ…ce / lata**temu – 2/3/4 weeks / months / years ago
- pięć/ sześć …. tygodni / miesiÄ™cy / lat temu – 5/6 … weeks / months/ years ago
- (nie) dawno temu – (not) long time ago
- od dawna – since long time ago
- kiedyÅ› – sometime ago (also: in some time)
*all these forms can be used interchangeablyÂ
** all digits ended with 2, 3, 4 except 11, 12, 13 will follow the pattern. The rest of numbers will follow 5,6 pattern.
When we talk about future the phrases look like this:
- za dzieÅ„ tydzieÅ„ / miesiÄ…c / rok – in a day/ week / month / year
- za dwa dni/ tygodnie / miesiÄ…ce / lata – in two days/ weeks / months / years (look the rule above **)
- za pięć dni tygodni / miesiÄ™cy / lat – in days/ five weeks / months / years
- Zaraz! – It’s an expression you would use when someone is calling you and asking to hurry up but you need a few seconds more
- Wkrótce / (Za) niedÅ‚ugo – soon
You may also need these words to express something what happened a certain amount of time after another event. Then you need preposition “po”.
- po chwili / sekundzie / minucie / godzinie – after a while / second / minut / hour
- po dniu / tygodniu / miesiÄ…cu / roku – after a day / week / month / year
If you know “po” means “after”, you probably wonder if you can also use the word “przed” – before. The answer is – yes but some of them would sound posh and the grammar will get complicated. Have a look:
- Przed dwoma dniami / tygodniami / miesiÄ…cami / laty (sic!)Â
On the other hand it will sound totally normal if you say:
- Przed chwilÄ…Â – a moment ago
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